He wāhanga nui o te tukanga hanga takirere te whakarewatanga o te tinana takirere, ā, ko te kounga o te whakarewatanga takirere te mea e whakatau ana i te kounga o te takirere. E whai ake nei ka whakaatuhia ētahi tikanga tukanga whakarewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga takirere:
Te whakarewa onepū:
E ai ki ngā momo here, ka taea te wehewehe i te whakarewanga onepu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga takirere ki te onepu matomato, te onepu maroke, te onepu karāhe wai me te onepu whakapakeke-ake o te kapia furan.
(1) He tukanga whakapūtanga te onepū matomato mā te whakamahi i te bentonite hei here.
Ko ōna āhuatanga ko:Kāore e hiahiatia kia whakamarokehia, kia whakapakeketia rānei te pokepokea aihe kua oti, he kaha mākū te pokepokea aihe, ā, he pai te hua o te matua ohe me te anga pokepokea aihe, kia māmā ai te horoi me te rūrū i ngā mea whakarewa. He teitei te whai huatanga o te whakaputa pokepokea aihe, he poto te huringa whakaputa, he iti te utu rauemi, ā, he watea te whakarite i te whakaputa raina huihuinga.
Ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko:He ngāwari te pā mai o ngā hapa pēnei i ngā pūwero, ngā whakaurunga onepu, me te piri o te onepu ki ngā mea whakarewa, ā, kāore i te tino pai te kounga o ngā mea whakarewa, inā koa te kounga o roto.
Te ripanga ōwehenga me te mahi o te onepu matomato mō ngā whakarewa maitai:
(2) He tukanga whakapūtanga te onepu maroke mā te whakamahi i te uku hei here. Mā te tāpiri i te iti o te bentonite ka taea te whakapai ake i tōna kaha mākū.
Ko ōna āhuatanga ko:Me whakamaroke te pokepokea aihe, me uru pai te hau, kāore e ngāwari ki ngā hapa pēnei i te horoi ohe, te piri ohe, me ngā pūwero, ā, he pai te kounga o te whakarewanga.
Ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko:e hiahiatia ana he taputapu whakamaroke onepu, ā, he roa te huringa whakaputa.
(3) Ko te onepu karāhe wai he tukanga whakatauira e whakamahi ana i te karāhe wai hei here. Ko ōna āhuatanga: he mahi mā te karāhe wai te whakapakeke aunoa ina pāngia e te CO2, ā, he maha ngā painga o te tikanga whakapakeke hau mō te whakatauira me te hanga matua, engari he ngoikoretanga anō hoki pērā i te ngoikore o te anga pokepokea ai, te uaua ki te horoi onepu i ngā mea whakarewa, me te iti o te tere whakahou me te hangarua o te onepu tawhito.
Te ripanga ōwehenga me te mahi o te onepu whakapakeke CO2 karāhe wai:
(4) Ko te whakapūtanga onepū whakamārō-ake o te kapia Furan he tukanga whakarewa e whakamahi ana i te kapia furan hei here. Ka totoka te onepū whakapūtanga nā te tauhohenga matū o te here i raro i te mahi a te kaihoko whakamaroke i te pāmahana rūma. Ko tōna āhuatanga ko te kore e hiahiatia kia whakamarokehia te pokepoke onepū, ka whakapoto i te huringa whakaputa me te penapena pūngao. He ngāwari te whakakīkī i te onepū whakapūtanga kapia, ā, he pai ngā āhuatanga pakaru. He ngāwari te horoi i te onepū whakapūtanga o ngā mea whakarewa. He tino tika te āhua o ngā mea whakarewa me te pai o te whakaotinga mata, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā mea whakarewa. Ko ōna ngoikoretanga ko: he kounga teitei ngā whakaritenga mō te onepū mata, he kakara kakara iti i te wāhi whakaputa, me te utu nui o te kapia.
Te ōwehenga me te tukanga whakaranu o te ranunga onepu kore-tunua kapia furan:
Te tukanga whakaranu i te onepu whakapakeke-ake o te kapia furan: He pai ake te whakamahi i te mīhini whakaranu onepu tonu hei hanga onepu whakapakeke-ake o te kapia. Ka tāpirihia te onepu mata, te kapia, te matū whakaora, me ētahi atu i roto i te raupapatanga, ā, ka tere te whakaranu. Ka taea te whakaranu me te whakamahi i ngā wā katoa.
Ko te raupapatanga o te tāpiri i ngā rauemi mata i te wā e whakaranu ana i te onepu kapia penei:
Onepu mata + kaihoko whakaora (waikawa p-toluenesulfonic wairewa) – (120 ~ 180S) – kapia + silane – (60 ~ 90S) – hanga onepu
(5) Te tukanga whakaputa maka onepu noa:
Te whakarewatanga tika:
I ngā tau tata nei, kua nui haere te aro o ngā kaihanga takirere ki te kounga o te āhua me te tika o ngā rahinga o ngā mea whakarewa. Nā te mea ko te āhua pai te whakaritenga matua o te mākete, koinei anō hoki te paearu tūnga mō te taahiraa tuatahi o te miihini.
Ko te whakarewanga tika e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga takirere ko te whakarewanga haumi, e whakamāramahia pototia ana penei:
(1) E rua ngā tikanga tukatuka mō te whakarewanga otinga:
①Te whakamahi i te rauemi pokepokea ai he ware pi pāmahana-iti (waikawa stearic + paraffin), te werohanga ware pi pēhanga-iti, te anga karāhe wai, te tango i te wai wera, te whakarewa me te ringihanga hau, e whakamahia ana mō ngā whakarewa maitai waro me te maitai koranu iti me ngā whakaritenga kounga whānui, ka taea e te tika o te hanganga o ngā whakarewa te eke ki te paerewa ā-motu CT7~9.
② Mā te whakamahi i te rauemi pokepokea ai he kapia pāmahana-waenga, te werohanga ware piro-teitei, te anga pokepokea ai he silica sol, te tango i te mamaoa, te tukanga whakarewa tere i roto i te hau, i te korehau rānei, ka taea te whakatutuki i te tika o ngā hanganga whakarewa ki ngā whakarewanga tika CT4-6.
(2) Te rere o ngā tukanga noa o te whakarewanga haumi:
(3) Ngā āhuatanga o te makanga haumitanga:
①He tino tika te āhua o te whakarewanga, he maeneene te mata, ā, he pai te āhua.
② Ka taea te whakarewa i ngā wāhanga he uaua ki te tukatuka mā te whakamahi i ētahi atu tukanga, ā, he uaua hoki ki te hanga i ngā āhua me ngā hanganga uaua.
③ Kāore i te herea ngā rauemi whakarewa, he maha ngā rauemi koranu pēnei i te: maitai waro, te maitai kore waikura, te maitai koranu, te koranu konumohe, te koranu pāmahana teitei, me ngā konganuku utu nui, inā koa ngā rauemi koranu he uaua ki te hanga, ki te whakarewa me te tapahi.
④ He pai te ngāwari o te whakaputa, ā, he kaha hoki te urutau. Ka taea te whakaputa i roto i ngā rahinga nui, ā, he pai hoki mō te whakaputa takitahi, mō te whakaputa puranga iti rānei.
⑤ He iti anō hoki ngā herenga o te whakarewanga haumi, pērā i te: uaua o te rere o te tukanga me te roa o te huringa whakaputa. Nā te iti o ngā tikanga whakarewa ka taea te whakamahi, kāore e taea te tino teitei o tōna kaha ki te kawe pēhanga ina whakamahia ana ki te whakarewa i ngā whakarewanga takirere angiangi e kawe pēhanga ana.
Te Tātari i ngā Koha Maka
Ka pāngia te kounga o roto o te whakarewanga e ngā hapa, ā, mā te noho mai o ēnei hapa ka nui ngā tūponotanga huna ki te kounga o roto o te whakarewanga, ā, mā te whakatikatika i te whakarewa hei whakakore i ēnei hapa i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ka nui hoki te taumahatanga ki te tukanga whakaputa. Ina koa, ko ngā takirere he whakarewa angiangi e ātete ana ki te pēhanga me te pāmahana, ā, he mea tino nui te kiato o ō rātou hanganga o roto. Nō reira, ko ngā hapa o roto o ngā whakarewanga te mea nui e pā ana ki te kounga o ngā whakarewanga.
Ko ngā hapa o roto o ngā whakarewanga takirere ko ngā pūwero, ngā whakaurunga para, te pūwero whakaheke me ngā kapiti.
(1) Ngā Pūwero:Ka puta ngā pūwero i te hau, he maeneene te mata o ngā pūwero, ā, ka puta mai i roto, i te taha rānei o te mata o te whakarewanga, ā, he porowhita, he tapawhā rānei te nuinga o ō rātou āhua.
Ko ngā pūtake matua o te hau e whakaputa ana i ngā pore ko:
① Kei roto i te whakarewa te hauota me te hauwai i rewa i roto i te konganuku i te wā e totoka ana te whakarewanga, ka hanga he pakitara porowhita, he porowhita rānei o roto me te kanapa konganuku.
②Ka huri te makuku, ngā matū rānei e memeha haere ana i roto i te rauemi whakahāngai hei hau i te weranga, ka puta he pūwero me ngā pakitara parauri pouri o roto.
③ I te wā e ringihia ana te konganuku, nā te koretake o te rere, ka uru te hau ki roto hei hanga i ngā pūwero.
Tikanga ārai i te koha o te stomatal:
① I roto i te whakarewa, me iti rawa te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi mata o te konganuku waikura, me kore rānei e whakamahia, ā, me tunu me te whakamaroke ngā taputapu me ngā koko.
②Me ringihia te maitai rewa ki te pāmahana teitei, me te pāmahana iti hoki, ā, me whakangāwari te maitai rewa kia pai ai te rere o te hau.
③ Me whakanui ake te hoahoa tukanga o te pūwero ringihanga i te pane pēhanga o te maitai rewa kia kore ai e mau te hau, ā, me whakatū he ara hau horihori mō te putanga pai.
④Me whakahaere e ngā rauemi hanga te nui o te wai me te rahinga hau, me whakanui ake i te urunga o te hau, ā, me tunu me te whakamaroke i te hanga onepu me te matua onepu kia rite ki te taea.
(2) Te kōhao whakaheke (ngāwari):He kōhao porowhita, he kōhao rānei e tūhonohono ana, e kore e tūhonohono ana, e puta ana i roto i te whakarewanga (ina koa i te wāhi wera), he taratara te mata o roto, ā, he pouri ake te tae. Ko ngā kirikiri taratara, ko te nuinga he rite ki ngā dendrite, e huihui ana i te kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā wāhi, ka turuturu i te wā whakamātautau waipēhi.
Te take mō te mimiti o te kōhao (te wetewete):Ka puta te whakahekenga o te rōrahi ina totoka te konganuku mai i te wai ki te āhua totoka. Mēnā kāore e ranea te whakakī anō i te maitai rewa i tēnei wā, ka puta te kōhao whakaheke. Ko te take o te whakahekenga o te kōhao maitai whakarewa ko te whakahaere hē o te tukanga totoka ā-rārangi. Ko ngā take pea ko ngā tautuhinga whakaara hē, te pāmahana ringihia teitei rawa o te maitai rewa, me te whakahekenga nui o te konganuku.
Ngā tikanga hei ārai i te mimiti o ngā kōhao (te wetewete):① Hoahoa pūtaiaotia te pūnaha ringihanga o ngā whakarewanga kia tutuki ai te whakapakeketanga raupapa o te maitai rewa, ā, me whakakī anō ngā wāhanga e whakapakeketia tuatahitia ana ki te maitai rewa. ②Whakatakotoria tika, ā, he tika hoki te whakatakoto i te whakaara, te tautoko, te rino matao o roto, o waho hoki kia pai ai te whakapakeketanga raupapa. ③Ina ringihia te maitai rewa, he pai te werohanga o runga mai i te whakaara hei whakarite i te pāmahana o te maitai rewa me te whāngai, me te whakaiti i te putanga mai o ngā kōhao whakaheke. ④ Mō te tere ringihanga, he pai ake te ringihanga tere-iti mō te whakapakeketanga raupapa i te ringihanga tere-tiketike. ⑸Kaua te pāmahana ringihanga e tino teitei. Ka tangohia te maitai rewa i roto i te oumu i te pāmahana teitei, ā, ka ringihia i muri i te whakangawari, he pai hoki hei whakaiti i ngā kōhao whakaheke.
(3) Ngā whakaurunga onepu (para):Ko ngā mea whakauru onepu (slag), e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā pupuhi, he kōhao porowhita korekore, he kōhao rānei e puta mai ana i roto i ngā mea whakarewa. Ka konatunatua ngā kōhao ki te onepu whakarewa, ki te para maitai rānei, he rerekē te rahi, ā, ka huihuia ki roto. Kotahi, neke atu rānei ngā wāhi, he maha atu i te nuinga o te wā kei te taha o runga.
Ngā take o te whakaurunga o te onepu (para):Ko te whakaurunga o te para i te mea ka uru mai te para maitai motuhake ki te whakarewanga me te maitai rewa i te wā e whakarewahia ana, e ringihia ana rānei. Ko te whakaurunga o te onepu i te mea kāore i te tino piri te kōhao pokepokea ai i te wā e whakarewahia ana. Ina ringihia te maitai rewa ki roto i te kōhao pokepokea ai, ka horoia te onepu pokepokea ai e te maitai rewa ka uru ki roto i te whakarewanga. Hei tāpiri, ko te mahi hē i te wā e kuti ana me te kati pouaka, me te hinganga o te onepu, koia anō hoki ngā take o te whakaurunga o te onepu.
Ngā tikanga hei ārai i ngā whakaurunga o te onepu (para):① Ina whakarewahia te maitai rewa, me tino horoia te putanga me te paru. ② Kaua e hurihia te putea ringihanga maitai rewa, engari me whakamahi he putea tīpoti, he putea ringihanga raro rānei hei ārai i te paru i runga ake i te maitai rewa kei uru ki te kōhao whakarewa me te maitai rewa. ③ I te ringihanga o te maitai rewa, me mahi ngā mahi hei ārai i te paru kei uru ki te kōhao pokepokea ai me te maitai rewa. ④Hei whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te urunga o te onepu, kia mau te piri o te pokepokea ai i te wā e whakatauira ana, kia tūpato kei ngaro te onepu i te wā e kutikuti ana, ā, pupuhi kia ma te kōhao pokepokea ai i mua i te katinga o te pouaka.
(4) Ngā pakaru:Ko te nuinga o ngā kapiti i roto i ngā whakarewanga he kapiti wera, he āhua koretake, he wero, he kore wero rānei, he haere tonu, he wā poto rānei, ā, he mangu te konganuku i ngā kapiti, he waikura rānei te mata.
ngā take mō ngā pakaru, arā, te ahotea pāmahana teitei me te whakarerekētanga o te kiriata wai.
Ko te ahotea pāmahana teitei ko te ahotea e puta mai ana i te whakahekenga me te whakarerekētanga o te maitai rewa i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ina nui ake te ahotea i te rohe kaha, i te rohe whakarerekētanga kirihou rānei o te konganuku i tēnei pāmahana, ka puta ngā pakaru. Ko te whakarerekētanga kiriata wai ko te hanganga o tētahi kiriata wai i waenganui i ngā kirikiri tioata i te wā e totoka ana, e whakatioata ana hoki o te maitai rewa. I te haere tonu o te totoka me te whakatioata, ka rerekē te āhua o te kiriata wai. Ina nui ake te whakarerekētanga me te tere whakarerekētanga i tētahi rohe, ka puta ngā pakaru. Ko te awhe pāmahana o ngā pakaru wera kei waenganui i te 1200~1450℃.
Ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki ngā kapiti:
① He mea kino ngā huānga S me P i roto i te maitai mō ngā kapiti, ā, ko ō rātou āhuatanga eutectic me te rino ka whakaiti i te kaha me te ngāwari o te maitai whakarewa i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka hua ake he kapiti.
② Ka whakanui ake te whakaurunga me te wehewehenga o te para i roto i te maitai i te kukū o te ahotea, ā, ka piki ake te āhua o te pakaru wera.
③ Ko te nui ake o te tauwehenga whakahekenga raina o te momo maitai, ko te nui ake o te ia o te pakaru wera.
④ Ko te nui ake o te kawe wera o te momo maitai, ko te nui ake o te kukū mata, ko te pai ake o ngā āhuatanga miihini pāmahana-tiketike, ā, ko te iti ake o te ia o te pakaru wera.
⑤ Kāore i te pai te hanga o te hanganga o ngā mea whakarewa, pērā i te iti rawa o ngā kokonga porowhita, te rerekētanga o te matotoru o te pakitara, me te nui o te kukū o te ahotea, ka puta ai ngā pakaru.
⑥He nui rawa te kiato o te pokepokea aihe, ā, ko te iti o te hua o te matua ka aukati i te mimiti o te whakarewanga, ka nui ake hoki te āhua o ngā pakaru.
⑦Ko ētahi atu mea, pērā i te whakaritenga hē o te pūwhakaara, te tere rawa o te whakamatao o te whakarewanga, te nui rawa o te ahotea i puta mai i te tapahi i te pūwhakaara me te whakamahana, ka pā ki te whakaputanga o ngā kapiti.
E ai ki ngā take me ngā āhuatanga awe o ngā kapiti o runga ake nei, ka taea te mahi i ngā mahi e rite ana hei whakaiti me te karo i te putanga mai o ngā hapa kapiti.
I runga i te tātaritanga o ngā take o ngā hapa whakarewa i runga ake nei, te kimi i ngā raruraru o nāianei, me te mahi i ngā mahi whakapai ake e rite ana, ka taea e tātou te kimi i tētahi otinga mō ngā hapa whakarewa, hei whakapai ake i te kounga whakarewa.
Wā tuku: 31 o Ākuhata-2023