E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā takirere pūrerehua i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i te maimoatanga wai, te hinu me te hau, te HVAC, me te tukatuka matū nā te mea he kiato te hoahoa me te rere pai me te whakahaere utu-pai.
Heoi, ko tētahi o ngā raruraru tino noa mengā takirere pūrerehuahe turuturu. Ka puta ngā turuturu i roto (mā te nohoanga o te takirere) i waho rānei (huri noa i te kakau o te takirere, i te tinana takirere rānei). Ka taea e ngā turuturu te iti, te nui rānei, ka hua ake he ngoikore o te pūnaha, he mōrearea nui rānei mō te haumaru, he take taiao, he utu nui rānei mō te wā whakatā.
Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ēnei turuturu, me te whakatinana i ngā otinga whai hua kia pai ai te mahi a te takirere.
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Ngā Momo o ngā turuturu o te takirere pūrerehua
I mua i te ruku ki ngā take me ngā otinga, me whakarōpū tuatahi tātou i ngā turuturu noa i roto i ngā takirere pūrerehua:
a. Te turuturu ā-roto: Ka puta te wai mā roto i te takirere ina kati, e tohu ana kāore e taea e te nohoanga takirere, e te kōpae rānei te hanga i tētahi hiri piri.
b. Te turuturu o waho: Ka puta te wai mai i te tinana takirere, i te nuinga o te wā i te taha o te kakau takirere, te takai, te hononga flange rānei, ka pakaru te hiri.
Ka puta pea ngā momo turuturu e rua i ngā āhuatanga hoahoa, tāutanga, whakahaere, tiaki rānei.
Kei raro nei, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā tino take me ngā otinga e pā ana ki ia momo turuturu.
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1. Ngā hiri kua pakaru, kua tawhito rānei
Ko tētahi tino take o te turuturu o roto ko te pakaru o ngā wāhanga hiri o te takirere (pērā i ngā arai rapa, i ngā nohoanga whakarewa rānei).
1.1 Ngā Take
- Te pirau o ngā rauemi: Mā te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e ngā wai waikura, e ngā pāmahana teitei, e te hihi ultraviolet rānei, ka whakapakeke, ka pakaru, ka ngaro rānei te ngāwari o ngā hiri.
- Ngā mea whakakoi: Ka waikura ngā hiri i ngā wai kei roto te onepu, te kirikiri, ētahi atu matūriki rānei i roto i te wā.
- Te koroheketanga: Ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga māmā ake, ka pakaru noa iho ngā hiri i roto i te wā, ka whakaiti i tō rātou kaha ki te whakauru ki te kōpae takirere. He koroheketanga tūturu tēnei e kore e taea te karo.
- Te taipana nui rawa: He nui rawa te taipana o ngā pūkaha hiko, hau me ētahi atu kua tīpakohia, ā, he nui rawa te pēhanga o te kōpae takirere ki runga i te nohoanga takirere ina kati ana, ka rerekē te āhua, ka pakaru rānei te nohoanga takirere. Ahakoa ka whakahaerehia ā-ringa, ko te nui rawa o te taipana ki ngā takirere pūrerehua whānui ka rerekē te āhua, ka kino rānei te nohoanga takirere.
1.2 Ngā Otinga
- Kōwhiringa rauemi: Kōwhiria ngā rauemi hiri e hototahi ana ki ngā tikanga wai me ngā tikanga whakahaere. Hei tauira, whakamahia te PTFE mō te ātete matū, te EPDM mō ngā tono wai, me te Viton mō ngā wai hinu.
- Te tiaki auau: Whakatinanahia he kaupapa tiaki ārai hei tirotiro me te whakakapi i ngā hiri i mua i te pakaru. He mea nui rawa tēnei i roto i ngā taiao kino.
- Paninga tiaki: Mō ngā mahi whakakoi, whakaarohia te whakamahi i ngā takirere kua pania, kua whakapakeketia rānei hei whakaroa i te roa o te ora o ngā hiri.
- Whakapai ake i te kaiwhakaoho: E ai ki ngā raraunga taipana o te takirere pūrerehua i homai e te kaihanga, tīpakohia he kaiwhakaoho me te taipana e tika ana, tīpakohia rānei he kaiwhakaoho me te tiaki taipana. Hei tāpiri, me karo te kaha nui ina mahi ā-ringa. E taunaki ana a Zfa mēnā kāore koe i te tino mōhio, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te kaiwhakahaere kakau, i te taputapu kutukutu rānei me te here taipana.
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2. Te tāutanga hē
He maha ngā wā ka puta te turuturu i ngā hapa i te wā e tāuta ana i te takirere, ā, ka pā tēnei ki ngā hiri o roto, o waho hoki.
2.1 Ngā Take
- Te hē o te tūnga: Ki te kore te takirere e tū tika ki te paipa, kāore pea te kōpae e noho tika, ka puta he turuturu o roto.
- Kāore i te rawaka te taipana: Ki te kore e ranea te whakakaha o ngā pūtu o te flange ka puta he turuturu o waho i te atanga o te paipa takirere.
- Te whakawhāiti rawa: Mā te taipana nui rawa ka rerekē te āhua o te tinana o te takirere, te nohoanga rānei, ka kore ai e kati katoa te kōpae, ka turuturu hoki te roto.
2.2 Otinga
- Tirotiro whakarara: I te wā tāutanga, whakamahia he taputapu whakarara hei whakarite kei waenganui te takirere i te paipa. Me manatoko hoki kei te neke noa te kōpae me te kore e pā ki te pakitara o te paipa.
- Ngā whakatakotoranga taipana: Whāia te uara taipana kua tūtohutia e te kaihanga mō ngā pūtu flange, ā, whakamahia he kī taipana kua whakatikatikaina hei whakatutuki i te pēhanga ōrite o te gasket.
- Kōwhiringa tākai: Whakamahia ngā tākai kounga teitei, he ngāwari te whakamahi, e hototahi ana ki ngā rauemi o te takirere me te paipa. Me whakarite hoki kia tika te rahi o te tākai hei karo i te pēhanga nui, i ngā āputa rānei.
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3. Te pokanoa o te kōpae
Tērā pea ka puta he turuturu ā-roto ina kore e taea e te kōpae te kati katoa nā te pokanoa ā-tinana ki te paipa, ki te flange rānei e karapoti ana.
3.1 Take
- Kāore i te ōrite te whānui o te paipa: Ki te iti rawa te tohu o te paipa, ka pā pea te kōpae ki te pakitara o te paipa ina kati.
- Hoahoa flange: Ka taea e ngā flange mata-teitei, ngā mata hono rānei te rahi kāore i te tika te rahi, te aukati i te nekehanga o te kōpae.
- Te kohikohinga o ngā para: Ko ngā totoka, ngā unahi rānei e kohikohi ana i roto i te takirere ka kore e taea te whakanoho tika i te kōpae.
3.2 Otinga
- Manatoko hototahitanga: I mua i te tāutanga, whakaūhia kei te hototahi te diameter o te kōpae takirere ki te ID paipa.
- Te whakatikatika i ngā flange: Whāia ngā paerewa pēnei i te ANSI, te DIN rānei hei whakamahi i ngā flange papatahi, i ngā gasket rānei hei whakarite i te wātea o te kōpae.
- Mahi horoi: Horoia te pūnaha i mua i te whakamahinga o te takirere hei tango i ngā paru, ā, tāutahia ngā tātari o runga ake mēnā e pai ana ngā āhuatanga hei ārai i te kohikohinga a meake nei.
4. Te korenga o te tākai kakau
Ko te tikanga ka puta te turuturu o waho huri noa i te kakau o te takirere, nā ngā raruraru o te takai, o ngā hiri rānei e ārai ana i te wai kei rere ki waho i te tuaka.
4.1 Take
- Te Pakaru: I roto i te wā, ka pakaru ngā rauemi tākai pēnei i te PTFE, te karāwhata rānei nā te nekehanga o te kakau, te pēhanga rānei.
- Ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana: I runga i te mātāpono o te whakawhānui me te whakaheke wera, ka taea e ngā piki me ngā heke o te pāmahana te whakaiti, te wetekina, tae noa ki te pakaru o te takai.
- Te whakarerekētanga hē: Ki te tino wetekina te repe tākai, ka turuturu pea te wai; ki te tino piri rawa, ka pakaru pea te kakau o te takirere, ka aukati rānei i te nekehanga.
4.2 Otinga
- Te tiaki i ngā tākai: Tirohia me te whakakapi i ngā rauemi tākai kua tawhito i ia wā.
- Ngā whakaaro mō te pāmahana: Kōwhiria ngā rauemi tākai e tika ana mō te awhe pāmahana o te pūnaha, pērā i ngā rauemi karāhe ngāwari mō ngā tono wera nui.
- Te whakatikatika i te repe: Whakakīia te repe tākai ki te taipana kua tohua e te kaihanga, tirohia mēnā he turuturu i muri i te whakatikatika, ā, karohia te pēhanga nui rawa.
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5. Te pēhanga nui rawa, te pāmahana nui rawa rānei
Ina nui ake ngā āhuatanga mahi i te rohe hoahoa o te takirere, ka puta pea he turuturu, ka pā ki ngā hiri o roto, o waho hoki.
5.1 Ngā Take
- Te pēhanga nui rawa: Ka taea e te pēhanga e nui ake ana i te whakatauranga o te takirere te whakapēhanga i te nohoanga takirere, i te kōpae rānei, ā, kāore e taea te hiri.
- Te whānui wera: Ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei te whakawhanui kore taurite i ngā wāhanga, ka tawhito te hiri, ka ngawari, ka waro rānei, ka pā ki te taunga o te mata hiri, ka wetekina te hiri, ka turuturu rānei i te hononga.
- Pakaru makariri: I raro i ngā āhuatanga i raro iho i te -10 nekehanga, ka pakarukaru pea te hiri, ka pakarukaru, ka turuturu.
5.2 Ngā Otinga
- Ngā whakatauranga pēhanga me te pāmahana e tika ana: Kōwhiria ngā takirere me ngā whakatauranga pēhanga me te pāmahana e nui ake ana i ngā tikanga pūnaha mōrahi, ā, whakaarohia ngā tawhā haumaru.
- Whakamamae pēhanga: Tāutahia he takirere whakamamae pēhanga, he kaiwhakahaere rānei hei ārai i te pēhanga nui rawa.
- Whakamahana/whakamahana: Whakamahia ngā uhi whakamahana, ngā tohu wera rānei i ngā āhuarangi makariri hei ārai i te huka.
5.3 Ripanga whakatairite pāmahana rauemi
Kei raro nei ngā pāpāho me ngā awhe pāmahana e pā ana ki ngā hiri o ngā rauemi rerekē.
| INGOA | NGĀ TONO | WHAKATAURANGA MAHANA |
|---|---|---|
| EPDM | Wai, wai inu, wai moana, waipiro, tote waro, otinga waikawa kohuke, turanga kohuke kawakore | -10℃ ki te 110℃ |
| NBR | Ngā hinu kohuke me ngā hinu huawhenua, te hau, ngā hauwaiwai kore-kakara, ngā ngako kararehe, ngā ngako huawhenua, te hau | -10℃ ki te 80℃ |
| WĪTON | Ngā waikawa, ngā ngako, ngā hauwaiwai, ngā hinu huawhenua me ngā hinu kohuke, ngā wahie | -15℃ ki te 180℃ |
| Rapa Taiao | Ngā tote, te waikawa hauwaiora, ngā otinga paninga whakarewa, te hauwai mākū. | -10℃ ki te 70℃ |
| Rapa Hiraka | Ātete pāmahana iti me te pāmahana teitei, ngā hauwaiwaro, ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, ngā kaihoko hau | -10℃ ki te 160℃ |
| PU | ngā whakamahinga matū kore-kaha pērā i te wai, te wai para me te wai moana | -29℃ ki te 80℃ |
| HNBR | Wai, Wai inu, Wai para. | -53℃ ki te 130℃ |
| Hyparon | Ngā waimehatanga waikawa kohuke, ngā waikawa waro me ngā waikawa kore-waro, ngā matū whakahāora, | -10℃ ki te 80℃ |
| PTFE | wai, hinu, mamaoa, hau, paru, me ngā wai waikura | -30℃ ki te 130℃ |
| SS+Grafit | Ngā taiao pāmahana teitei me te pēhanga teitei, pērā i ngā pūnaha mamaoa, ngā ahumahi matū me te hinu. | -200°C ki te 550℃ |
| SS+Stelite | reo katoa | -200°C ki te 600°C |
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6. Te pirau me te waikura
6.1 He aha te cavitation
Ka puta te āputaputa i te hekenga ohorere o te pēhanga o te reo wai ki te pēhanga kohu o te wai i te wāhanga whakakā o te takirere (pērā i waenganui i te pereti pūrerehua me te nohoanga takirere), ka hua ake te hau o te wai hei hanga mirumiru. Ina neke ēnei mirumiru ki te wāhi pēhanga teitei me te wai, ka tere te hinga, ka puta he ngaru ru me ngā moroiti, ka puta ai te pirau me te kino ki te mata hiri o te takirere, te nohoanga takirere me te tinana takirere.
Ahakoa he take matua te pirau me te waikura, ka taea e ia te turuturu mā te kino i te mata hiri.
6.2 He aha te waikura?
Ka puta te waikura i ngā tauhohenga matū, hiko rānei i runga i te mata o te takirere pūrerehua nā te pa atu mō te wā roa ki ngā mea waikura (pērā i te waikawa, te kawakore, te otinga tote, te mamaoa pāmahana teitei rānei), ka hua ake te kino ki te mata hiri o te takirere, te kakau o te takirere, te nohoanga o te takirere, te tinana rānei o te takirere.
6.3 Ngā Take
- Te hekenga pēhanga teitei: Ka puta he mirumiru pakū mai i ngā huringa pēhanga tere, ka waikura ai te kōpae takirere, te nohoanga takirere rānei.
- Rere waikura: Kei roto i te wai ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, ngā tote, me ētahi atu, e tauhohe tika ana ki te mata whakarewa, ka memeha haere, ka waikura rānei, ka angiangi te mata hiri me te tinana takirere.
- Ngā mea whakakoi: Ka pakaru te mata hiri i ngā wai tere-rahi kei roto ngā matūriki i roto i te wā.
6.4 Ngā Otinga
- Whakahaere rere: Whakatauhia tika te rahi o te takirere hei whakaiti i te hekenga pēhanga, ā, whakamahia ngā tātaitanga tauwehenga rere (Cv) hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha.
- Whakapai ake i ngā rauemi: Kōwhiria ngā rauemi ātete-waikura pērā i te kowiri tira, ngā paninga mata mārō rānei mō ngā kōpae takirere me ngā nohoanga takirere.
- Hoahoa pūnaha: Whakaitihia te tere rere mā te whakanui ake i te diameter o te paipa, mā te tāpiri rānei i tētahi taputapu whakaiti pehanga ki mua.
Ripanga Uara CV 6.5
| Uara CV - Tauwehenga Rere DN50 ki DN1400 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rahi (mm) | 10° | 20° | 30° | 40° | 50° | 60° | 70° | 80° | 90° |
| 50 | 0.1 | 5 | 12 | 24 | 45 | 64 | 90 | 125 | 135 |
| 65 | 0.2 | 8 | 20 | 37 | 65 | 98 | 144 | 204 | 220 |
| 80 | 0.3 | 12 | 22 | 39 | 70 | 116 | 183 | 275 | 302 |
| 100 | 0.5 | 17 | 36 | 78 | 139 | 230 | 364 | 546 | 600 |
| 125 | 0.8 | 29 | 61 | 133 | 237 | 392 | 620 | 930 | 1022 |
| 150 | 2 | 45 | 95 | 205 | 366 | 605 | 958 | 1437 | 1579 |
| 200 | 3 | 89 | 188 | 408 | 727 | 1202 | 1903 | 2854 | 3136 |
| 250 | 4 | 151 | 320 | 694 | 1237 | 2047 | 3240 | 4859 | 5340 |
| 300 | 5 | 234 | 495 | 1072 | 1911 | 3162 | 5005 | 7507 | 8250 |
| 350 | 6 | 338 | 715 | 1549 | 2761 | 4568 | 7230 | 10844 | 11917 |
| 400 | 8 | 464 | 983 | 2130 | 3797 | 6282 | 9942 | 14913 | 16388 |
| 450 | 11 | 615 | 1302 | 2822 | 5028 | 8320 | 13168 | 19752 | 21705 |
| 500 | 14 | 791 | 1674 | 3628 | 6465 | 10698 | 16931 | 25396 | 27908 |
| 600 | 22 | 1222 | 2587 | 5605 | 9989 | 16528 | 26157 | 39236 | 43116 |
| 700 | 36 | 1813 | 3639 | 6636 | 10000 | 14949 | 22769 | 34898 | 49500 |
| 800 | 45 | 2387 | 4791 | 8736 | 13788 | 20613 | 31395 | 48117 | 68250 |
| 900 | 60 | 3021 | 6063 | 11055 | 17449 | 26086 | 39731 | 60895 | 86375 |
| 1000 | 84 | 4183 | 8395 | 15307 | 24159 | 36166 | 55084 | 84425 | 119750 |
| 1200 | 106 | 5370 | 10741 | 19641 | 30690 | 46065 | 70587 | 107568 | 153450 |
| 1400 | 174 | 8585 | 17171 | 31398 | 49060 | 73590 | 112838 | 171710 | 245300 |
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7. Ngā hapa hanga
I ētahi wā, ka puta mai ngā turuturu i ngā hapa o te hanganga takirere ka kitea i te wā tuatahi o te whakamahinga, i te whakamātautau rānei.
7.1 Ngā Take
- Ngā hapa whakarewa: Ka taea e te pūngao, te ngatata rānei i roto i te tinana takirere te puta he turuturu o waho.
- Ngā raruraru o te mata hiri: Mā te miihini kore taurite o te kōpae, o te nohoanga rānei ka kore e tika te hiri, ka puta he turuturu o roto.
- Ngā hapa huihuinga: Ka pā mai pea ngā turuturu mēnā kāore i te tika te tāutanga o ngā hiri, te hē rānei o te tūnga o ngā wāhanga i te wā e hanga ana.
7.2 Ngā Otinga
- Te whakapūmau kounga: Hokona mai i ngā kaihanga rongonui kua whai tiwhikete pēnei i te ISO 9001, ka tono mō tētahi pūrongo whakamātautau pēhanga (hei tauira, e ai ki te API 598) hei manatoko i te ātete turuturu.
- Whakamātautau i mua i te tāutanga: Whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau turuturu wai-pūmau, hau-pūngao rānei i mua i te tāutanga hei tautuhi i ngā hapa, ka whakahoki i ngā waeine hapa ki te kaiwhakarato.
- Ngā kereme whakamana: Me whakarite kei roto i te takirere he whakamana e kapi ana i ngā hapa hanga kia taea ai te whakakapi mēnā ka kitea wawe ngā turuturu.
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8. Whakamutunga
takirere pūrerehuaHei whakaoti i ēnei raruraru, me whiriwhiri tahi te takirere tika, te tāutanga tupato, te tiaki auau, me te arotau i te pūnaha. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi e tika ana mō te tono, te whai i ngā aratohu tāutanga me te aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te turuturu.
Te turuturu o te takirere pūrerehuaHe maha ngā āhuatanga ka puta ai ngā raruraru, ā, he rerekē ngā otinga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā momo turuturu rerekē. Ahakoa he turuturu ā-roto, he turuturu ā-waho rānei, ko te tikanga ka taea te kī ko ngā hiri kua pakaru, ngā hapa tāutanga, te pokanoa ki te kōpae takirere, ngā raruraru tākai kakau takirere, te pēhanga/pāmahana nui rawa, ngā hapa hanga, te waikura rānei. Ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea turuturu o ngā takirere pūrerehua mā te whiriwhiri tika, te tāutanga tika, te tiaki auau me te whakahaere pai ake. Mō ngā tono nui, ka taea e te kōrero ki ngā kaihanga takirere, ki ngā miihini pūnaha rānei te whakarite kia kore e turuturu te mahi, me te whakapai ake i te haumaru o te pūnaha me te whai huatanga o te whakahaere.